Biography of Tarquin the Proud, Etruscan King of Rome

Biography of Tarquin the Proud, Etruscan King of Rome Lucius Tarquinius Superbus (died 495 BCE), or Tarquin the Proud, ruled Rome between 534 and 510 BCE and was the last king the Romans would tolerate. Tarquinius despotic reign earned him the title Superbus (proud, haughty). The flaw in Superbus character- he combined a great deal of ambition with a wealth of family treachery in his background- eventually led to the end of the Etruscan rule over the city of Rome. Superbus was a member of the Tarquin Dynasty, dubbed the Great House of Tarquin by Romes historian Livy, but the spotty, intrigue-riddled reign was hardly a dynasty. The Tarquins were one of several Etruscan chiefs, including the Tarchu, Mastarna, and Porsenna, who in turn usurped Romes throne with little chance to found genuine dynasties. Cicero sketched the Tarquin history in his Republica  as an example of how easily good government could degenerate. Fast Facts: Lucius Tarquinius Superbus Known For: The Last Etruscan king in RomeAlso Known As: Tarquin the ProudBorn: Year unknown in RomeFather: Lucius Tarquinius PriscusDied: 495 BCE in Cumae, RomeSpouse(s): Tullia Major, Tullia MinorChildren: Titus,  Arruns, Sextus, Tarquinia Early Years Superbus was the son or possibly the grandson of Tarquinius Priscus and son-in-law of the previous Etruscan king Servius Tullius. The exact date of Superbus birth is unknown. Ciceros text suggests that Superbus and his future wife Tullia Minor killed their respective spouses, Arruns Tarquin and Tullia Major, before murdering Servius Tullius and bringing Superbus to power. There are no historical records for this period in Roman history: Those records were destroyed when Gaul sacked Rome in 390 BCE. What scholars know of the Tarquin history are legends written down by the much later Roman historians Livy, Cicero, and Dionysius. Superbus Reign After ascending the throne, Superbus embarked on a campaign of expansion early in his reign, waging war against the Etruscans, Volci, and Latins. His victories helped cement Rome’s status as an important power in the region. Superbus also signed Rome’s first treaty with Carthage and completed construction of the massive Temple of Capitoline Jupiter. He also used forced labor to extend the Maxima drainage system, an important water-and-sewer system in ancient Rome. Revolt and the New Republic A revolt against the corrupt Etruscans was spearheaded by Tarquin the Prouds nephew Lucius Junius Brutus and Lucretias husband Tarquinius Collatinus. In the end, Superbus and all of his family (ironically, including Collatinus) were expelled from Rome. Along with the end of the Etruscan kings of Rome, the power of the Etruscans over Latium weakened. Rome replaced the Etruscan rulers with a Republic. Although there are some who believe there was a gradual transition to the consul system of the Republic, the Fasti Consulares list the annual consuls straight after the end of the regal period. Legacy Classical scholar Agnes Michels and others have suggested that the text Livy, Dionysius, and Cicero used to describe the events of the Tarquin Dynasty has all the earmarks of a classic tragedy, or rather, a trilogy of plays with the moral theme of cupido regni (kingdom of lust). Superbus legacy of court intrigue and scandal led to the end of the Etruscan rule of Rome. It was Tarquin the Prouds son, Tarquinius Sextus, who raped the Roman noblewoman Lucretia. Lucretia was the wife of his cousin Tarquinius Collatinus, and her rape brought about the end of Etruscan rule. Lucretias rape was scandalous on several levels, but it came about because of a drinking party during which her husband and other Tarquins argued over who had the most beautiful wife. Sextus was at that party and, aroused by the discussion, came to the virtuous Lucretias bed and forcibly raped her. She called her family to demand revenge, and when they didnt deliver, she committed suicide. Sources Gantz TN. 1975. The Tarquin Dynasty. Historia: Zeitschrift fà ¼r Alte Geschichte 24(4):539-554.Michels AK. 1951. The Drama of the Tarquins. Latomus 10(1):13-24.Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. â€Å"Tarquin.†Ã‚  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Inc., 4 Apr. 2018.Cartwright, Mark. Lucius Tarquinius Superbus.  Ancient History Encyclopedia. Ancient History Encyclopedia, 03 Mar 2017. Web. 17 Mar 2019.

Free sample - Counter-force. translation missing

Counter-force. Counter-forceCounterforce can be defined as an opposing or a contrary force, particularly a military force that is capable of destructing the nuclear armaments that belong to an enemy.   Counterforce ensures that the adversary is disarmed by destructing its nuclear weapons earlier before they can be launched, and by this way, the impact of a retributive second strike is minimized. It is true that a counterforce target does not include an adversary’s population, political, or economic resources. A perfect counterforce attack would not kill any civilian. Military attacks have a tendency to causing collateral harm however. Particularly, this is very true as the nuclear weapons are used. In nuclear terms it has been found that most of the military targets are placed very close to civilian centers, such that if a major counterforce strike takes place, a number of civilian causalities will possibly result. Irrespective of the number and size of nuclear warheads, civilians will be threatened as long as the weapons are close to civilian centers (Lee, 1996).  Ã‚   Counterforce operations have been found to be the most effective in forbidding the use of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction which include, biological, chemical, and nuclear weapons, at the commencement of a conflict. At the same time, the counterforce operations can be used to confuse, disorientate, and disorganize the forces of any given adversary.   Most of the people persistently believe that, the capability to fight, endure, and win a nuclear war makes the only really efficacious deterrent, and counterforce is the preferred strategy for these people (Hilsman, 1999).   It is apparent that counterforce is very important when it comes to damage limiting by the process of offensive action. Damage limitation can also come about due to defensive measures. If a country’s counterforce strike against an enemy is successful, it can indubitably limit the damage the enemy could cause the country. Counterforce operations will to a greater extent contribute to success in the time of war. The word damage-limiting is in a useful manner limited to describing the capabilities, defensive or offensive, that attempt to diminish the damage which the adversary can possibly inflict upon a country. This appropriates the expression ‘damage avoidance’ for the weapons systems, strategies, and warheads through which a nation would attempt to minimize the damage it would have to impose upon an enemy during the military operation. It has been found that a damage avoiding attack calls for the employment of accurate, small-sized warheads, and very accurate mis siles to eliminate those weapons of the adversary with the slightest practicable harm to the adversary’s people as well as economy (Lee, 1996). By Lee (1996), a perfect weapon for damage avoidance will destroy the weapons for enemies without harming their troops. Apparently, this will leave the adversary without a way to retaliate, and at the same time holding the adversary open to the coercive power of the weapons just like the involved nation will withhold from their counterforce strike. To diminish the enemy potential to impose damage on nations such as United States, offensive and defensive are the two ways which are employed. This is to eliminate by counterforce assail enemy missiles as well as other systems which are to deliver the warheads even before they can leave their forces. By this way, counterforce attack reduces the susceptibility of a nation by improvements in peaceful defenses as well as developing effectual antimissile systems of defense. By use of offensive, the capability of the enemy is curtailed by diminishing the total number of warheads which could be thrown at the involved nation.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to Hilsman (1999), counterforce is a relatively effective strategy due to the following reasons: it is much easier to identify the location of an enemy weapon and attack it earlier before it is operational or is fired; and as well counterforce is found efficient and effective at the margins. The targets are frequently stationary and their whereabouts can be ascertained beforehand. This means that, to target the operating and storage facilities is easier as compared to destroying missile warheads which are traveling in the direction of a target at a very high speed. The fixed targets are comparatively large and at times located anterior to hostilities, meaning that they are susceptible to be destroyed as compared to moving individual weapons. Counterforce attacks are seen to be more efficient as compared to active defenses since they stretch forth the prospect of destroying lots of warheads or delivery systems with comparatively few weapons. In this case, it is true that expenditure rates on weapons favor counterforce to a greater extent such that a given nation can easily afford the option. For example, it is relatively easy to destroy ten warheads on a missile that is in its silo as compared to destroying individual ten warheads during which they speed in the direction of their targets. Surely, as one adopts an infrastructure of weapons system from individual warhead to the facilities of production, counterforce’s effectiveness at the margins gets readily obvious. Using the counterforce, there is an increased probability to destroy lots of missiles by attacking the facilities of assembly-fueling-mating as well as to destroy the big number of delivery vehicles by assailing the facilities for their storage. By stre tching out the prospect of destroying a number of individual weapons at the same time, counterforce has been found to be the most efficient constituent of a theater missile defense effort (Hilsman, 1999). According to Lee (1996), counterforce strategists reason that with sufficient counterforce capacity, a country can inflict a bargain that is not favorable to its opponent. By the intra-war hindrance that is provided by the counterforce capacity, a country can have its opponent to discontinue attacking, and this can be achieved in a way that is to the country’s relative advantage. It is of great importance when a country ensures that the opponent accepts a larger component of the restraint burden would there be projections concerning the war to be suitably limited. Through the use of its counterforce capability in forcing the opponents to pick out restraint, the country can have the most effectual way of attaining a suitable limited nuclear war.  Ã‚  Ã‚   References Hilsman, R., (1999). From Nuclear Military Strategy to a World Without War. New York: Praeger. Lee, S., (1996). Morality, Prudence, and Nuclear Weapons. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Land Law and Professional Advice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Land Law and Professional Advice - Essay Example Since the completion of the sale agreement, various concerns have been raised, which are fully addressed to in this report. First, Miss Horrock in a letter dated 23rd January 2012, claims that a neighbour, Fred Furnace found some gold coins in the property which appear to be Roman. This raises the possibility of a treasure as defined under section 1 of the Treasure Act 1996. For the purposes of the coins, section 1(1)(a)(ii) read together with section 3(4) requires that, for a coin to fall under this Act, it must be one, which when found, is one of at least two coins found together. It must be at least 300 years old and have a percentage of precious metal. Hence, it shall be necessary to establish these claims, which if true means that the coins found satisfies the requirements laid down in the Act and, therefore, amount to a treasure. With regards to ownership of treasure, section 4 and 5 apply. Section 4 states that the ownership of the treasure vests in the franchisee, if there is one, otherwise in the crown. Section 5 defines a franchisee and subsection 1(b) is relevant to this case. It includes in the definition as successor in title who would have been the franchisee of the crown in a right of treasure trove for the place where the treasure was found. Therefore, the gold coins should vest in Poppy, who is the successor in title to Victor Majelin. ... This raises the question of fixtures and chattels on land. It is trite law that fixtures are part of the land while chattels are not. It shall, however, be necessary to ascertain the terms of the sale agreement. If the agreement show that only land and nothing else are being bought and sold, the purchaser buys everything affixed to land such as buildings, fences and trees (Drake et al 2007). If the vendor does not intend to include a certain fixture in sale, this must be stated in the agreement. On the other hand, where purchaser intends to purchase chattels, the intended chattels must be listed in the sale agreement. To ascertain whether an item is a chattel or a fixture, one has to check at the purpose of the annexation. If the object stood affixed for the enhanced enjoyment of the land, the object is likely to be a fixture, but if it were intended to be placed there for a temporary purpose or so that the property can be better enjoyed; it is likely to be a chattel. An example incl udes; tapestries as held in Leigh V Taylor [1902] AC 157, or ornamental panelling as held in the case of Spyer V Philipson (1931) 2 Ch. 183. It is necessary to look at the degree of annexation in order to decipher the purpose. If the object cannot be removed without causing significant damage, it is more likely to be a fixture though this is not conclusive, (Drake et al 2009). In this case, it is clear that the garden water feature which was cemented forms part of the land. The same shall apply with regards to the old range cooker per the presumptions made under the 2nd schedule of the standard sale agreement. With regards to the removable pebbles and a sprout, they are also fixtures with regards to their degree of annexation. Consequently she has

Marketing Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing Planning - Essay Example 256). In an effective way to overcome, this particular barrier, the top management should be actively involved in the process of marketing planning. Continuous update of the planning process also needs to be provided to them at regular intervals. Lack of line Support Hostility and non co operation on the part of the functional as well as divisional managers and personnel of the organization regarding the implementation of the newly designed marketing planning process is another factor that has to be taken into account in this case. It can be said that in order to overcome this particular barrier, the managers of the respective functions and division has to be increasingly convinced about how the effectiveness of the new process of marketing planning will lead to the process of better value proposition for the customers and thereby will promote significant growth of the company. Failure of in depth analysis The failure to conduct an in-depth analysis of the capability of the resources available to the company is another reason that can lead to the process of failure of marketing planning. To overcome this particular barrier, an internal audit has to be carried out by the company which will increasingly focus on the process of highlighting the resource capability and its probable effective utilization by the company. Lack of Synchronization The lack of proper co-ordination and synchronization between the departments of marketing and production of the company can also emerge as a barrier to effective marketing planning. In an attempt to overcome this particular barrier, it can be said that the application of an information system throughout the organization will be highly relevant. The application of the information system throughout the company will lead to the process of eradication of this particular barrier by significantly promoting a common platform which will promote synchronization of the marketing and production department. Regard Marketing Consultant. 4b . Strategic Planning process is a very important activity for any business organization (Simerson, 2011, p.1). It is a key factor in the business in regards to strategic management, which enables the company to provide directions, guidelines and boundaries to the functional and operational processes of an organization (Steiner, 1997, p.4). It can be increasingly said that the entire process of strategic planning is intended to focus on the forward progress of the business through the process of market development, product development as well as achieving significant share of the market and growth in revenue. The presence of a large number of macro factors that can bring a significant range of impact in the firm’s area of business environment leads to the process of providing a significant level of importance to the strategic planning process of the firm. It can be said that the strategic planning process undertaken by various business organizations helps them to prepare for t he impending uncertainties lingering in the business environment and thereby prepare backup plans and options, which will empower them to avoid complete disruption of the firms’ business processes. On the other side, it can be said that the marketing planning process enables the marketing teams of organization to focus on the processes of generation, communication, distribution and capture of values from the target audience, while

A World Without Engineers :: essays research papers

A World Without Engineers Once upon a time, in a galaxy far, far away, on the planet Zovirax, there was an evil king, King Syphilis, who was mighty pleased with himself, for he had just banished all the engineers on the planet to work in the Pixie Stick Powder mines on the moons of Gluteus. "You see," he told his sycophantic servants and lackeys, "I have solved two problems with one simple executive order. I have rid the planet of those annoying, nerdy, know-it-all, engineers." (King Syphilis was actually quite envious of them, because he went to a Junior University in Palo Alto, and didn't know very much at all.) "And secondly," he explained, "I have provided cheap slave labor for the Pixie Stick Powder mines, thus ensuring a limitless supply of this heavenly confection for all to enjoy." All of King Syphilis' staff applauded loudly, because he tended to behead those who didn't. "Bring us intoxicating chemicals, so that we may celebrate," ordered the king. "I'm sorry, Mr. King Syphilis," replied the servant. "You banished all the chemical engineers to the powder mines, so we cannot make the intoxicating chemicals anymore." King Syphilis was quite mad. Nobody talked back to him and go away with it. "Bring me my plutonium phasor gun, so that I may vaporize this impudent guy," ordered the king. "I'm sorry, my good King Syphilis," replied another servant. "Since you deported all the nuclear engineers to the powder mines, we have been unable to operate the plutonium powered phasor gun." Now the king was really mad. "I'm really mad!" said the king. "Bring me my limousine, so that I may repeatedly run over these contumelious servants of mine." "No can do, Mr. King," said the third servant, whose part will be played in the movie version by Keanu Reeves. "All the mechanical engineers are in the mine place, and everyone knows, you can't drive cars without mechanics." "Go jump off a bridge!" said King Syphilis. Another of his servants interrupted, "We have no more bridges, since all the civil engineers have been exiled to the powder mines. Perhaps we should bring them all back." But the king was not the brightest of kings, so he didn't agree to that just yet. "Bring me my vibrating pleasure device, so that I may relax and think about this dilemma of ours," ordered the king. "We are unable to do that, my king, because all the electrical engineers who design the vibrating pleasure devices are in the powder mines." "Hmmm," thought the king. "Perhaps I was wrong in banishing the

Novel Nicholas Nickleby Essay

Mr Squeers is one of Charles Dickens’ very vivid characters and one that plays an important role in the novel Nicholas Nickleby. He is owner and headmaster of Dotheboys Hall which is set in Greta Bridge in Yorkshire. Dotheboys Hall is a boarding school for disabled and illegitimate children. It is an all-boys school and Mr Squeers runs the school with extreme cruelty together with his wife, who is equally cruel. The children are sent there because they are disabled in some way and their families did not want them. Mr Squeers has very cunning ways and his only aims are to benefit himself. His main aim is to make money and he does this very well by being sneaky and taking short-cuts in the keeping of his school. He tries to put as little money as possible to Dotheboys Hall whilst getting as much money out as possible. Another of his objectives is to have the instant obedience that he desires. He wants a school where he has ultimate power over the boys so that when he asks something of them they do it immediately – with no question. He tries to obtain this instant obedience in school by regularly beating the boys with a cane. Mr Squeers sees his school more as a business than a school-learning environment. â€Å"This is our shop, Nickleby†. This quote shows that he is treating the school as a business because his primary objective is to make money. He does not really care about the boys’ education, just as long as he turns over a nice profit. As Mr Squeers is owner of Dotheboys Hall he decides how to teach the boys or not, as the case may be. Mr and Mrs Squeers deeply dislike all of the boys in their school, except their own children. In fact they perceive the boys as â€Å"their natural enemies†. Clearly, if they see the boys like this then they are not fit to run a school but as it is their own school, they can do as they like. Mr and Mrs Squeers both hate the boys. â€Å"The only difference between them is that Mrs Squeers wages war against the boys openly whilst Mr Squeers tries to cover his rascality†. I think Mr Squeers tries to cover his rascality because he knows that he is not treating the boys very well and should not be doing this. However, don’t be fooled! Mr Squeers hates the boys as much as his wife but Mrs Squeers doesn’t really look for an excuse to beat them – she just enjoys doing it. All of the boys at Dotheboys Hall are terrified of Mr and Mrs Squeers and live in fear of the dreaded cane which they both use to mercilessly beat them. At the Hall, the boys don’t get much freedom and think what they are told to think. They dare not argue or answer back to Mr Squeers as they are kept too weak and undernourished. It is clear that the boys are scared of him because of the amount of times and the violent manner in which Mr Squeers uses the cane.

Motivation Theories and Employee Performance Essay

In an organization, it is very important to learn how to motivate employees. Motivation refers to the set of forces that influence people to choose various behaviors among several alternatives available to them. The performance of an employee is definitely affected by motivation, his capabilities, and the work environment (Shanks, 2007). The management of an organization is constantly under the challenge of motivating the workforce for two purposes. The first reason is to motivate employees into actively and willingly participating in the achievement of organizational goals. Second is to motivate employees into to attaining personal goals (Shanks, 2007). This paper aims at exploring the behavior based, need based, and job based theories of†¦show more content†¦There are various behaviors that are exhibited by employees who feel they are being treated inequitably. These include putting less effort in the job, asking for rewards and better treatment, finding out how to portray their jobs as more important and better through comparison, and quitting jobs or obtaining transfers (Nicholson, 2003). This theory implies that people behave according to their perceptions and therefore what the management thinks or does may not influence performance. Expectancy Theory The Expectancy Theory offers one of the most widely accepted views of motivation. According to this theory a worker is motivated to be more productive depending on their belief that: 1. Their effort will result in a good appraisal of performance. 2. Good appraisals will culminated in rewards from the organization. 3. The rewards that the organization will offer will satisfy their needs. The mainstay of this theory is in comprehending one’s goals and how effort relates to performance, how performance relates to rewards, and finally how rewards translate in individual satisfaction. 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